The federal estate tax is an excise tax levied on the transfer of a person’s assets after death. For this reason, it is neither a death tax nor an inheritance tax, but more accurately a transfer tax. There are three distinct aspects to federal wealth transfer taxes that consist of what is called the Unified Transfer Tax which are described below:
Legal planning is the best way to avoid or minimize these transfer taxes is both a prudent and an important aspect of comprehensive estate planning.
Recently, the iteration of the federal estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer tax was successfully signed into law by President Trump on December 22, 2017, as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA 2017). There are a few things you should know about this law which took effect on January 1, 2018. Additionally, you should know the “numbers” governing transfers subject to estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxation.
There has been a $5 million exemption, as indexed for inflation, which was signed into law on December 17, 2010, under the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Authorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 (TRA 2010). By 2017, the federal estate tax exemption had risen to $5.49 million per individual due to the inflation feature (and a nearly “automatic”* $10.98 million for married couples who follow very specific requirements at the death of the first spouse). With the stroke of his pen on December 22, 2017, President Donald Trump increased this exemption to $11,200,000 per individual (and $22,400,000 for married couples). For 2021, that exemption is increased to an inflation-adjusted $11,700,000 per individual (and $23,400,000 for married couples). The tax rate for amounts above what can be exempted remains at 40%.
The TCJA 2017 continues the concept of a unified exemption that binds together the gift tax and the estate tax. This illustrates that, to the extent you utilize your lifetime gift tax exemption while living, your federal estate tax exemption at death will be reduced accordingly.
Your unified lifetime gift and estate tax exemption in 2017 was $5.49 million and is now the same as the federal estate tax exemption of $11,700,000 per individual (and $23,400,000 for married couples). Likewise, the top tax rate is 40%. Note: Gifts made within your annual gift exclusion amount do not count against your unified lifetime gift and estate tax exemption.
The annual gift exclusion remains at $15,000 due to its inflation adjustment in 2018. Couples that are married can combine their annual gift exclusion amounts to make tax-exempt gifts totaling $30,000 to as many individuals as they choose each year, either both spouses contribute equally, or if the entire gift comes from one spouse. In that instance, the couple must file an IRS Form 709 Gift Tax return and elect “gift-splitting” for the tax year in which such gift was rendered.
Generation Skipping Transfer Tax Exemption is a transfer tax on property passing from one generation to another generation that is two or more generational levels below the transferring generation. For example, a transfer from a grandparent to a grandchild or from an individual to another unrelated individual who is more than 37.5 years younger than the transferor.
Properly done, this can transfer significant wealth between generations and other generations if done correctly.
The amount that can escape federal estate taxation between generations, otherwise known as the Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax Exemption (GSTT) is unified with the federal estate tax exemption and the lifetime gift tax exemption at $11,700,000 per individual (and $23,400,000 for married couples, subject to certain specific requirements). As with estate and gift taxes, the top GSTT tax rate is 40%.
The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA 2012), made “permanent” a new concept in estate planning for married couples, ostensibly rendering traditional estate tax planning unnecessary. This concept, called “portability,” means that a surviving spouse can essentially inherit the estate tax exemption of the deceased spouse without use of “A-B Trust” planning. As with most tax laws, however, the devil is in the details. For example, unless the surviving spouse files a timely (within nine months of death) Form 709 Estate Tax Return and complies with other requirements, the portability may be unavailable. However, an automatic six month extension of time to file the return is available to all estates, including those filing solely to elect portability, by filing Form 4768 on or before the due date of the estate tax return.
Furthermore, married couples will not be able to use the GSTT exemptions of both spouses if they elect to use “portability” as the means to secure their respective estate tax exemptions. Furthermore, reliance on “portability” in the context of blended families may result in unintentional disinheritance and other unpleasant consequences.
If you are concerned about how your current estate and gift planning may function in light of TCJA 2017, and thereafter, then we encourage you to schedule a consultation with our experienced Estate Tax Planning Lawyers.
California’s estate tax system is commonly referred to as a “pick up” tax. This is because California picks up all or a portion of the credit for state death taxes allowed on the federal estate tax return (federal form 706 or 706 NA). Due to the fact that there is no longer a federal credit for state estate taxes on the federal estate tax return, there is no longer a basis for the California estate tax. California has neither an estate tax – a tax paid by the estate, nor an inheritance tax – a tax paid by a recipient of a gift from an estate.
Nevertheless, in addition to the federal gift, estate, and generation-skipping taxes, some states have their own independent state estate taxes and still others also levy an inheritance tax. Even this fact of life is in a state of flux, especially given the status of state budgets expanding as revenues are shrinking in some states. Be sure to schedule a consultation if you are presently residing in such a state, thinking about retiring to such a state, or may be inheriting from a resident of such a state. We may be able to recommend some planning strategies to legally minimize or eliminate future tax exposures.
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